Pharmacotherapy Handbook Seventh Edition

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x
To the Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
SECTION 1: BONE AND JOINT DISORDERS
Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer
1. Gout and Hyperuricemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2. Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
3. Osteoporosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
4. Rheumatoid Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
SECTION 2: CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer
5. Acute Coronary Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
6. Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
7. Cardiopulmonary Arrest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
8. Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
9. Hyperlipidemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
10. Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
11. Ischemic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
12. Shock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
13. Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
14. Venous Thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
SECTION 3: DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS
Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer
15. Acne Vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
16. Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
17. Skin Disorders and Cutaneous Drug Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
SECTION 4: ENDOCRINOLOGIC DISORDERS
Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer
18. Adrenal Gland Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
19. Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
20. Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
SECTION 5: GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Edited by Joseph T. DiPiro and Terry L. Schwinghammer
21. Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
22. Constipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
23. Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
24. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
25. Hepatitis, Viral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
26. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
27. Nausea and Vomiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
28. Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
29. Peptic Ulcer Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
SECTION 6: GYNECOLOGIC AND OBSTETRIC DISORDERS
Edited by Barbara G. Wells
30. Contraception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
31. Hormone Therapy in Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
32. Pregnancy and Lactation: Therapeutic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 353
SECTION 7: HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS
Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro
33. Anemias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
34. Sickle Cell Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
SECTION 8: INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Edited by Joseph T. DiPiro
35. Antimicrobial Regimen Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
36. Central Nervous System Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
37. Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
38. Fungal Infections, Invasive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
39. Gastrointestinal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
40. Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
41. Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
42. Intraabdominal Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
43. Respiratory Tract Infections, Lower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
44. Respiratory Tract Infections, Upper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
45. Sepsis and Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
46. Sexually Transmitted Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49347. Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509
48. Surgical Prophylaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522
49. Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532
50. Urinary Tract Infections and Prostatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544
51. Vaccines, Toxoids, and Other Immunobiologics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556
SECTION 9: NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
Edited by Barbara G. Wells
52. Epilepsy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577
53. Headache: Migraine and Tension-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599
54. Pain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .614
55. Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .629
56. Status Epilepticus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637
SECTION 10: NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro
57. Assessment and Nutrition Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647
58. Enteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
59. Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663
60. Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .669
SECTION 11: ONCOLOGIC DISORDERS
Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro
61. Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .679
62. Colorectal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .689
63. Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .699
64. Lymphomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
65. Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .713
SECTION 12: OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro
66. Glaucoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
SECTION 13: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Edited by Barbara G. Wells
67. Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .727
68. Anxiety Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735
69. Bipolar Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75670. Major Depressive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
71. Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
72. Sleep Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
73. Substance-Related Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
SECTION 14: RENAL DISORDERS
Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro
74. Acid–Base Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
75. Acute Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
76. Chronic Kidney Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
77. Drug Dosing in Renal Insufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875
78. Electrolyte Homeostasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
SECTION 15: RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer
79. Allergic Rhinitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
80. Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
81. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
SECTION 16: UROLOGIC DISORDERS
Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro
82. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
83. Erectile Dysfunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
84. Urinary Incontinence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
APPENDICES
Edited by Barbara G. Wells
Appendix 1. Allergic and Pseudoallergic Drug Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . 951
Appendix 2. Geriatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
Appendix 3. Drug-Induced Hematologic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
Appendix 4. Drug-Induced Liver Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
Appendix 5. Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Appendix 6. Drug-Induced Kidney Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

Preface

This seventh edition of the pocket companion to Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic

Approach, seventh edition, is designed to provide practitioners and

students with critical information that can be easily used to guide drug therapy

decision making in the clinical setting. To ensure brevity and portability, the

bulleted format provides the user with essential textual information, key tables

and figures, and treatment algorithms.

Corresponding to the major sections in the main text, disorders are alphabetized

within the following sections: Bone and Joint Disorders, Cardiovascular

Disorders, Dermatologic Disorders, Endocrinologic Disorders, Gastrointestinal

Disorders, Gynecologic and Obstetric Disorders, Hematologic Disorders,

Infectious Diseases, Neurologic Disorders, Nutritional Disorders, Oncologic

Disorders, Ophthalmic Disorders, Psychiatric Disorders, Renal Disorders,

Respiratory Disorders, and Urologic Disorders. Drug-induced conditions associated

with allergic and pseudoallergic reactions, hematologic disorders, liver

disease, pulmonary disorders, and kidney disease appear in five tabular appendices.

In the seventh edition, information on the management of pharmacotherapy

in the elderly has been added as an appendix. Also in the seventh

edition, chapters have been added on adrenal gland disorders and influenza.

Carrying over a popular feature from Pharmacotherapy, each chapter is

organized in a consistent format:

• Disease state definition • Desired outcome

• Concise review of relevant pathophysiology • Treatment

• Clinical presentation • Monitoring

• Diagnosis

The treatment section may include nonpharmacologic therapy, drug selection

guidelines, dosing recommendations, adverse effects, pharmacokinetic

considerations, and important drug–drug interactions. When more in-depth

information is required, the reader is encouraged to refer to the primary text,

Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, seventh edition.

It is our sincere hope that students and practitioners find this book helpful

as they continuously strive to deliver highest quality patient-centered care.

We invite your comments on how we may improve subsequent editions of

this work.

Barbara G. Wells

Joseph T. DiPiro

Terry L. Schwinghammer

Cecily V. DiPiro

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